DRACO Design of Resilient Architectures for Computing

Research

DRACO explores the resilience and security of computing systems. With a team of over a dozen student researchers, our focus is on automating the design, development, and assessment of attacks, resilience, robustness, and ultimately security in electronic devices and systems.

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Exploring side-channel vulnerabilities in modern hardware

Publications

2026

2025

LMAP - Low-cost Microcontroller Architecture Platform
LMAP - Low-cost Microcontroller Architecture Platform
Binh Pham, Arthur Weeks, Mike Borowczak
8TH IFIP INTERNATIONAL INTERNET OF THINGS (IoT) CONFERENCE  ·  01 Nov 2025  ·  ifip-iot2025
Discrete Gaussian Integer Aggregation and Trust-Budget Gating for Federated Learning in IoT-Enabled CPS
Discrete Gaussian Integer Aggregation and Trust-Budget Gating for Federated Learning in IoT-Enabled CPS
Sajjad H. Shah, Mike Borowczak
2025 Cyber Awareness and Research Symposium (CARS)  ·  01 Oct 2025  ·  cars-2025
Blending Agile Methods with Constructivist Pedagogy: Enhancing Learning Outcomes in Introductory Computer Science Courses
Blending Agile Methods with Constructivist Pedagogy: Enhancing Learning Outcomes in Introductory Computer Science Courses
Mike Borowczak, Andrea C. Borowczak
2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition  ·  01 Jun 2025  ·  asee_peer2025
Integrating Micro:bits for Cross-Disciplinary Computer Science Instruction: A Virtual Collaborative Model for STEM and Beyond
Integrating Micro:bits for Cross-Disciplinary Computer Science Instruction: A Virtual Collaborative Model for STEM and Beyond
Mike Borowczak, Andrea Carneal. Borowczak
Society for Information Technology & Teacher Education Interactive Conference  ·  01 Mar 2025  ·  borowczak2025
Integrating Generative AI into Microelectronics Education: Implications for Learning and Pedagogical Practice
Integrating Generative AI into Microelectronics Education: Implications for Learning and Pedagogical Practice
Mike Borowczak, Andrea C. Borowczak
Proceedings of the Great Lakes Symposium on VLSI 2025 (GLSVLSI '25)  ·  01 Jan 2025  ·  borowczak2025ai
Building Successful STEM Partnerships in Education: Strategies for Enhancing Collaboration
Building Successful STEM Partnerships in Education: Strategies for Enhancing Collaboration
Andrea C.B. Borowczak, Trina Kilty, Mike Borowczak
Education Sciences  ·  01 Jan 2025  ·  edsci2025

2024

Hardware Trojan Key-Corruption Detection with Automated Neural Architecture Search
Hardware Trojan Key-Corruption Detection with Automated Neural Architecture Search
Franco Mezzarapa, Jenna Goodrich, Andey Robins, Mike Borowczak
7TH IFIP INTERNATIONAL INTERNET OF THINGS (IoT) CONFERENCE  ·  01 Nov 2024  ·  ifip-iot2024
Feature Selection Framework for Optimizing ML-based Malicious URL Detection
Feature Selection Framework for Optimizing ML-based Malicious URL Detection
Sajjad H. Shah, Amit Garu, Duong N. Nguyen, Mike Borowczak
2024 Cyber Awareness and Research Symposium (CARS)  ·  01 Oct 2024  ·  cars-2024
SAGA: Synthesis Augmentation with Genetic Algorithms for In-Memory Sequence Optimization
SAGA: Synthesis Augmentation with Genetic Algorithms for In-Memory Sequence Optimization
Andey Robins, Mike Borowczak
2024 IEEE 67th International Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems (MWSCAS)  ·  01 Aug 2024  ·  mwscas2024
Quantitative Techniques With Small Sample Sizes: An Educational Summer Camp Example
Quantitative Techniques With Small Sample Sizes: An Educational Summer Camp Example
Trina Johnson Kilty, Kevin T. Kilty, A. C. Burrows Borowczak, Mike Borowczak
Problems of Education in the 21st Century  ·  01 Aug 2024  ·  1742
Integrating Computing Throughout K-12 While Bridging the Digital Divide
Integrating Computing Throughout K-12 While Bridging the Digital Divide
Mike Borowczak, Andrea Carneal Borowczak
2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition  ·  01 Jun 2024  ·  asee_peer2024
Strict Avalanche Criterion of SHA-256 and Sub-Function-Removed Variants
Strict Avalanche Criterion of SHA-256 and Sub-Function-Removed Variants
Riley Vaughn, Mike Borowczak
Cryptography  ·  01 Jan 2024  ·  cryptography8030040

2023

Capabilities of Generative Artificial Intelligence for Circuit Design Automation
Capabilities of Generative Artificial Intelligence for Circuit Design Automation
Andey Robins, Jenna Goodrich, Mike Borowczak
2023 Academy of Science, Engineering & Medicine of Florida Annual Meeting - Poster Presentation  ·  01 Nov 2023  ·  asemf2023
Faster Cyberattack Response Using STIG
Faster Cyberattack Response Using STIG
F. Coslett, R. Foster, Z. Priest, M. Borowczak
INL Poster Symposium 2023  ·  01 Aug 2023  ·  inl-poster-2023
Faster Cyberattack Response Using STIG
Faster Cyberattack Response Using STIG
Faith Coslett, Rita Foster, Zachary Priest, Mike Borowczak
2023 Annual INL Poster Session  ·  01 Jan 2023  ·  foster2023faster
Power-Based Side-Channel Attacks on Program Control Flow with Machine Learning Models
Power-Based Side-Channel Attacks on Program Control Flow with Machine Learning Models
Andey Robins, Stone Olguin, Jarek Brown, Clay Carper, Mike Borowczak
Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy  ·  01 Jan 2023  ·  jcp3030018
Challenging Assumptions of Normality in AES s-Box Configurations under Side-Channel Analysis
Challenging Assumptions of Normality in AES s-Box Configurations under Side-Channel Analysis
Clay Carper, Stone Olguin, Jarek Brown, Caylie Charlton, Mike Borowczak
Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy  ·  01 Jan 2023  ·  jcp3040038

2022

Using Power to Uncover the Secrets from Within: A Hands-on Exploration of Side-Channels
Using Power to Uncover the Secrets from Within: A Hands-on Exploration of Side-Channels
Mike Borowczak
8th IEEE International Symposium on Smart Electronic Systems  ·  18 Dec 2022  ·  borowczak-ises
On the Development of Cybersecurity and Computing Centric Professional Developments and the Subsequent Implementation of Topics in K12 Lesson Plans (RTP)
On the Development of Cybersecurity and Computing Centric Professional Developments and the Subsequent Implementation of Topics in K12 Lesson Plans (RTP)
Andey Robins, Andrea Burrows, Mike Borowczak
2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition  ·  01 Aug 2022  ·  asee_peer_41203
The Artful Craft of Improving Virtual Summer Camps in the Midst of COVID-19 (Work in Progress)
The Artful Craft of Improving Virtual Summer Camps in the Midst of COVID-19 (Work in Progress)
Shawna Wolf, Shaya Wolf, Hu Hui, Andrea Burrows, Mike Borowczak
2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition  ·  01 Aug 2022  ·  asee_peer_41204
Intentional Focus on Integrated STEM: Was Costner the Original STEM Influencer?
Intentional Focus on Integrated STEM: Was Costner the Original STEM Influencer?
Andrea C. Burrows, Michelle T. Chamberlin, Mike Borowczak
Kevin Costner, America's Teacher  ·  01 Jan 2022  ·  burrows2022stem
S*FSMs for Reduced Information Leakage: Power Side Channel Protection Through Secure Encoding
S*FSMs for Reduced Information Leakage: Power Side Channel Protection Through Secure Encoding
Mike Borowczak, Ranga Vemuri
Behavioral Synthesis for Hardware Security  ·  01 Jan 2022  ·  Borowczak2022
Learning Privacy-Preserving Graph Convolutional Network with Partially Observed Sensitive Attributes
Learning Privacy-Preserving Graph Convolutional Network with Partially Observed Sensitive Attributes
Hui Hu, Lu Cheng, Jayden Vap, Mike Borowczak
The Web Conference 2022  ·  01 Jan 2022  ·  wsdm-2022
TVLA, Correlation Power Analysis and Side-Channel Leakage Assessment Metrics
TVLA, Correlation Power Analysis and Side-Channel Leakage Assessment Metrics
William Unger, Liljana Babinkostova, Mike Borowczak, Robert Erbes, Aparna Srinath
NIST Lightweight Cryptography Workshop 2022  ·  01 Jan 2022  ·  nist-lwc-2022
Transition Recovery Attack on Embedded State Machines Using Power Analysis
Transition Recovery Attack on Embedded State Machines Using Power Analysis
Clay Carper, Andey Robins, Mike Borowczak
The 40th IEEE International Conference on Computer Design  ·  01 Jan 2022  ·  iccd-2022
TP-NET: Training Privacy-Preserving Deep Neural Networks Under Side-Channel Power Attacks
TP-NET: Training Privacy-Preserving Deep Neural Networks Under Side-Channel Power Attacks
Hui Hu, Jessa Gegax-Randazzo, Clay Carper, Mike Borowczak
The 8th Annual IEEE International Symposium on Smart Electronic Systems  ·  01 Jan 2022  ·  ises-2022
Computer Science beyond Coding: Partnering to Create Teacher Cybersecurity Microcredentials
Computer Science beyond Coding: Partnering to Create Teacher Cybersecurity Microcredentials
Andrea C. Burrows, Mike Borowczak, Bekir Mugayitoglu
Education Sciences  ·  01 Jan 2022  ·  educsci12010004
Confusion Over Models: Exploring Discourse in a STEM Professional Development
Confusion Over Models: Exploring Discourse in a STEM Professional Development
Todd Reynolds, Andrea C Burrows, Mike Borowczak
SAGE Open  ·  01 Jan 2022  ·  reynolds2022confusion

2021

K-12 Teachers Experiences of Cybersecurity During the Micro-credential
K-12 Teachers Experiences of Cybersecurity During the Micro-credential
Mike Borowczak, Bekir Mugayitoglu, Andrea Burrows
2021 NICE K12 Cybersecurity Education Conference  ·  01 Dec 2021  ·  nicek1221
Data Analysis for Flexible Test Corpora in Structured Intelligence
Data Analysis for Flexible Test Corpora in Structured Intelligence
S. Wolf, R. Foster, A. Mack, Z. Priest, J. Haile, M. Borowczak
INL Poster Symposium 2021  ·  01 Aug 2021  ·  inl-poster-2021
WySLICE - Integrating Computer Science throughout Existing K-12 Core Disciplinary Areas
WySLICE - Integrating Computer Science throughout Existing K-12 Core Disciplinary Areas
Mike Borowczak, Andrea C Burrows
2021 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition  ·  01 Jul 2021  ·  asee-NSFWySLICE
Designing a Creative Cybersecurity Micro-credential Course for Educators: Challenges and Successes
Designing a Creative Cybersecurity Micro-credential Course for Educators: Challenges and Successes
Bekir Mugayitoglu, Mike Borowczak, Andrea C Burrows
2021 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition  ·  01 Jul 2021  ·  asee-Bekir
Using Design Thinking Approach: Micro-credential Professional Development in Cybersecurity Education K-12 Teachers.
Using Design Thinking Approach: Micro-credential Professional Development in Cybersecurity Education K-12 Teachers.
B. Mugayitoglu, M. Borowczak, A. C. Burrows
Rocky Mountain Section of the American Society for Engineering Education (RMS ASEE)  ·  01 Jun 2021  ·  bekir-design-thinking
Side Channels and ML Defense: Power Analysis to Define ML Vulnerabilities
Side Channels and ML Defense: Power Analysis to Define ML Vulnerabilities
S. Wolf, R. Foster, M. Borowczak
INL Innovation Week 2021  ·  01 May 2021  ·  INL-innovation
Fostering accessibility: Creating high-quality, competency-based computer science micro-credentials for K-12 teachers
Fostering accessibility: Creating high-quality, competency-based computer science micro-credentials for K-12 teachers
Bekir Mugayitoglu, Andrea C. Burrows, Mike Borowczak, Caitlyn Person, Alexander Finch, Caitlin Kennedy, Amanda Carson
Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association (AERA)  ·  09 Apr 2021  ·  aera-2021-fostering
Doctoral Poster Presentation
Doctoral Poster Presentation
Hu Hui, Mike Borowczak
SIAM International Conference on Data Mining (SDM'21)  ·  01 Apr 2021  ·  SDM-2021
A University's developmental framework: Creating, implementing, and evaluating a K-12 teacher cybersecurity micro-credential course [Best Paper Award]
A University's developmental framework: Creating, implementing, and evaluating a K-12 teacher cybersecurity micro-credential course [Best Paper Award]
Bekir Mugayitoglu, Mike Borowczak, Andrea C. Burrows, Amanda Carson, Caitlyn Person, Alexander Finch, Caitlin Kennedy
12th International Conference on Education, Training, and Informatics (ICETI 2021)  ·  09 Mar 2021  ·  iceti-2021-eval
Lessons learned on integrating STEM into a micro-credential cybersecurity
Lessons learned on integrating STEM into a micro-credential cybersecurity
B. Mugayitoglu, M. Borowczak, A. C. Burrows, A Finch, C Kennedy, A Carson, C Person
2021 X-DBER Conference  ·  01 Mar 2021  ·  bekir-stem-micro-cred
Assisting K-12 Teachers to Make the Connection between Computational Thinking in Cybersecurity Unplugged Activities and Mathematical Mindset through A Cybersecurity Micro-credential
Assisting K-12 Teachers to Make the Connection between Computational Thinking in Cybersecurity Unplugged Activities and Mathematical Mindset through A Cybersecurity Micro-credential
Andrea Burrows, Mike Borowczak, Bekir Mugayitoglu, Caitlin Kennedy, Amanda Carson, Caitlin Person, Alexander Finch
Proceedings of Society for Information Technology & Teacher Education International Conference 2021  ·  01 Mar 2021  ·  BurrBoroMuga20212c
Weaving together Cybersecurity & CS into Existing STEM Disciplines: Learning from K12 Experiences
Weaving together Cybersecurity & CS into Existing STEM Disciplines: Learning from K12 Experiences
Mike Borowczak
University of Texas DBER Invited Seminar Talk  ·  01 Feb 2021  ·  borowczak-dber
Systems Have Leaky Side Channels And Attackers Know It What Can You Do?
Systems Have Leaky Side Channels And Attackers Know It What Can You Do?
Mike Borowczak
Idaho National Lab Center for Advanced Energy Studies CodeBreakers  ·  07 Jan 2021  ·  borowczak-codebreaker
A blockchain-based carbon credit ecosystem
A blockchain-based carbon credit ecosystem
Soheil Saraji, Mike Borowczak
arXiv preprint arXiv:2107.00185  ·  01 Jan 2021  ·  saraji2021blockchain
Privacy-Preserving Fair Machine Learning Without Collecting Sensitive Demographic Data
Privacy-Preserving Fair Machine Learning Without Collecting Sensitive Demographic Data
Hui Hu, Mike Borowczak, Zhengzhang Chen
2021 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN)  ·  01 Jan 2021  ·  9534017
Side-channel Leakage Assessment Metrics: A Case Study of GIFT Block Ciphers
Side-channel Leakage Assessment Metrics: A Case Study of GIFT Block Ciphers
William Unger, Liljana Babinkostova, Mike Borowczak, Robert Erbes
2021 IEEE Computer Society Annual Symposium on VLSI (ISVLSI)  ·  01 Jan 2021  ·  9516763
Stealing Machine Learning Parameters via Side Channel Power Attacks
Stealing Machine Learning Parameters via Side Channel Power Attacks
Shaya Wolf, Hui Hu, Rafer Cooley, Mike Borowczak
2021 IEEE Computer Society Annual Symposium on VLSI (ISVLSI)  ·  01 Jan 2021  ·  9516772
Jangseung: A Guardian for Machine Learning Algorithms to Protect Against Poisoning Attacks
Jangseung: A Guardian for Machine Learning Algorithms to Protect Against Poisoning Attacks
Shaya Wolf, Woodrow Gamboa, Mike Borowczak
2021 IEEE International Smart Cities Conference (ISC2)  ·  01 Jan 2021  ·  wolf2021jangseung
Comparing Ransomware using TLSH and @DisCo Analysis Frameworks
Comparing Ransomware using TLSH and @DisCo Analysis Frameworks
Rafer Cooley, Michael Cutshaw, Shaya Wolf, Rita Foster, Jed Haile, Mike Borowczak
IEEE Big Data 2021, Workshop on Cyber Threat Intelligence and Hunting with AI  ·  01 Jan 2021  ·  ieee-big-data-2021
Data-Driven Suitability Analysis to Enable Machine Learning Explainability and Security
Data-Driven Suitability Analysis to Enable Machine Learning Explainability and Security
Shaya Wolf, Rita Foster, Jed Haile, Mike Borowczak
2021 Resilience Week (RWS)  ·  01 Jan 2021  ·  wolf2021data
Integrated STEM for Teacher Professional Learning and Development: “I Need Time for Practice”
Integrated STEM for Teacher Professional Learning and Development: “I Need Time for Practice”
Andrea C. Burrows, Mike Borowczak, Adam Myers, Andria C. Schwortz, Courtney McKim
Education Sciences  ·  01 Jan 2021  ·  educsci11010021
A University's developmental framework: Creating, implementing, and evaluating a K-12 teacher cybersecurity micro-credential course
A University's developmental framework: Creating, implementing, and evaluating a K-12 teacher cybersecurity micro-credential course
Bekir Mugayitoglu, Mike Borowczak, Andrea C Burrows, A Carson, C Person, A Finch, C Kennedy
Journal of Systemics, Cybernetics and Informatics  ·  01 Jan 2021  ·  mugayitoglu2021university

2020

Exploiting Simplified Models of Complex Systems; Exploiting (and protecting) Side Channels
Exploiting Simplified Models of Complex Systems; Exploiting (and protecting) Side Channels
Mike Borowczak
Boise State Invited Seminar Talk  ·  03 Dec 2020  ·  borowczak-boise
The Importance of Cybersecurity in STEM and CS: a K-12 Micro-credential
The Importance of Cybersecurity in STEM and CS: a K-12 Micro-credential
Mike Borowczak, Bekir Mugayitoglu, Andrea Burrows
2020 NICE K12 Cybersecurity Education Conference  ·  01 Dec 2020  ·  nicek1220
Methods for Adaptive Autonomous Drone Swarm Attack Resilience
Methods for Adaptive Autonomous Drone Swarm Attack Resilience
Mike Borowczak, Shaya Wolf
2020 Defense Tech Connect: Defense Innovation  ·  01 Nov 2020  ·  MDDevConnect20
Detecting DDoS Attacks Near The Edge with Router Canaries
Detecting DDoS Attacks Near The Edge with Router Canaries
Winston Howard, Mike Borowczak
2020 IEEE 10th International Conference on Consumer Electronics (ICCE-Berlin 2020)  ·  01 Nov 2020  ·  icce-2020-canary
Defensive Strategies for Autonomous Decentralized Lightweight Swarms
Defensive Strategies for Autonomous Decentralized Lightweight Swarms
Shaya Wolf, Mike Borowczak
2020 IEEE 10th International Conference on Consumer Electronics (ICCE-Berlin 2020)  ·  01 Nov 2020  ·  icce-2020-sharks
Integrated Outreach: Increasing Student Engagement in Computer Science and Cybersecurity
Integrated Outreach: Increasing Student Engagement in Computer Science and Cybersecurity
Shaya Wolf, Andrea C. Burrows, Mike Borowczak, Mason Johnson, Rafer Cooley, Kyle Mogensen
Education Sciences: Cybersecurity and Digital Education Special Issue  ·  01 Nov 2020  ·  IntegratedOuteach
Hosting a Virtual Teacher Camp
Hosting a Virtual Teacher Camp
Mike Borowczak, Andrea Burrows
GenCyber Virtual Fall Meeting  ·  01 Sep 2020  ·  NSAShowcaseFa20
Machine Learning Fragility, Resiliency, and Reliability
Machine Learning Fragility, Resiliency, and Reliability
S. Wolf, R. Foster, Z. Priest, J. Haile, W Austad, M. Borowczak
INL Poster Symposium 2020  ·  01 Aug 2020  ·  inl-poster-2020
Constructing and Refining Computer Science Outreach Focused on Student Engagement
Constructing and Refining Computer Science Outreach Focused on Student Engagement
Shaya Wolf, Rafer Cooley, Mason Johnson, Andrea C. Burrows, Mike Borowczak
2020 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition  ·  01 Jun 2020  ·  asee_peer_31078
Teaching Data Collection and Analysis: Using Data Corral Technology to Create Lesson Plans for STEM Secondary Teachers
Teaching Data Collection and Analysis: Using Data Corral Technology to Create Lesson Plans for STEM Secondary Teachers
Nycole Marsh, Dawn Palmquist-Whaley, Andrea C Burrows, Shannon Albeke, Rasana Manandhar, Mike Borowczak
2020 Society for Information Technology & Teacher Education (SITE) Conference  ·  01 Apr 2020  ·  data_coral2
Integrating Computer Science Into K-12 Science It's Not Programming, It's Problem Solving
Integrating Computer Science Into K-12 Science It's Not Programming, It's Problem Solving
Mike Borowczak, Andrea Burrows
2020 The Association for Science Teacher Education  ·  01 Jan 2020  ·  aste2020
Self-paced E-learning: Exploring the Development of a Cybersecurity Micro-credential through K-12 Teacher Professional Development
Self-paced E-learning: Exploring the Development of a Cybersecurity Micro-credential through K-12 Teacher Professional Development
Mike Borowczak, Bekir Mugayitoglu, Andrea C. Burrows, Caitlin Kennedy, Amanda Carson, Caitlin Person
SITE Interactive Conference  ·  01 Jan 2020  ·  borowczak2020self
Secure and Resilient Swarms: Autonomous Decentralized Lightweight UAVs to the Rescue
Secure and Resilient Swarms: Autonomous Decentralized Lightweight UAVs to the Rescue
Shaya Wolf, Rafer Cooley, Jason Fantl, Mike Borowczak
IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine  ·  01 Jan 2020  ·  9109421

2019

Teaching Cybersecurity Through Physical Computing: A MicroBit Approach
Teaching Cybersecurity Through Physical Computing: A MicroBit Approach
Shaya Wolf, Rafer Cooley, Andrea Burrows, Mike Borowczak
2019 NICE K12 Cybersecurity Education Conference  ·  01 Dec 2019  ·  19nicek12
One-class Classification to Continuously Authenticate Users Based on Keystroke Timing Dynamics
One-class Classification to Continuously Authenticate Users Based on Keystroke Timing Dynamics
Rasana Manandhar, Shaya Wolf, Mike Borowczak
2019 IEEE International Conference on Machine Learning and Applications  ·  01 Dec 2019  ·  ICMLA
Raising Cybersecurity Expectations through Outreach Opportunities and Real-World Experience
Raising Cybersecurity Expectations through Outreach Opportunities and Real-World Experience
Shaya Wolf, Rafer Cooley, Andrea Burrows, Mike Borowczak
2019 NICE Cybersecurity Conference  ·  01 Nov 2019  ·  19nice
Adversarial Impacts on Autonomous Decentralized Lightweight Swarms
Adversarial Impacts on Autonomous Decentralized Lightweight Swarms
Rafer Cooley, Shaya Wolf, Mike Borowczak
2019 IEEE International Smart Cities Conference (ISC2 2019)  ·  15 Oct 2019  ·  smartcities2019
Autonomous Decentralized Swarms with Adversarial Resistance
Autonomous Decentralized Swarms with Adversarial Resistance
Mike Borowczak, Shaya Wolf, Rafer Cooley, Jason Fantl, Garrett Burrows
2019 Defense Tech Connect: Defense Innovation  ·  01 Oct 2019  ·  19MDDevConnect
A State Machine Encoding Methodology Against Power Analysis Attacks
A State Machine Encoding Methodology Against Power Analysis Attacks
Richa Agrawal, Ranga Vemuri, Mike Borowczak
Journal of Electronic Testing: Theory and Application  ·  01 Sep 2019  ·  JETTD
Building Collaboration and Securing Interest in Computer Science Education through Outreach Opportunities
Building Collaboration and Securing Interest in Computer Science Education through Outreach Opportunities
Shaya Wolf, Fiona Moss, Rasana Manandhar, Madison Cooley, Rafer Cooley, Andrea Burrows, Mike Borowczak
2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition  ·  17 Jun 2019  ·  asee_peer_27365
Novel STEM Research Programs Could Minimize Attrition in Undergraduate Engineering
Novel STEM Research Programs Could Minimize Attrition in Undergraduate Engineering
Garrett Burrows, Mike Borowczak
2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition  ·  16 Jun 2019  ·  asee_peer_27304
CS:Unplugged
CS:Unplugged
Shaya Wolf, Rafer Cooley, Andrea Burrows, Mike Borowczak
Rocky Mountain Section of the American Society of Engineering Education, 2019. RMS-ASEE 2019  ·  20 May 2019  ·  Borowczak2019CSUnplugged
Fueling Cybersecurity Interest through Authentic Experience, Competition, and Teamwork
Fueling Cybersecurity Interest through Authentic Experience, Competition, and Teamwork
Rafer Cooley, Shaya Wolf, Mike Borowczak
Rocky Mountain Section of the American Society of Engineering Education, 2019. RMS-ASEE 2019  ·  20 May 2019  ·  Borowczak2019Fueling
CyberSecurity and Technology: How Do They Fit into a Science Classroom?
CyberSecurity and Technology: How Do They Fit into a Science Classroom?
Andrea Burrows, Mike Borowczak
Society for Information Technology & Teacher Education International Conference 2019  ·  01 Mar 2019  ·  BorowBurrows2016o9
Ants Go Marching-Integrating Computer Science into Teacher Professional Development with NetLogo
Ants Go Marching-Integrating Computer Science into Teacher Professional Development with NetLogo
Mike Borowczak, Andrea C. Burrows
Education Sciences  ·  01 Mar 2019  ·  educsci9010066
Mitigating early-boot information leakage using SFSM
Mitigating early-boot information leakage using SFSM
Mike Borowczak, Ranga Vemuri
IET Computers & Digital Techniques  ·  18 Jan 2019  ·  iet:/content/journals/10.1049/iet-cdt.2018.5186
Computer Science and Engineering: Utilizing Action Research and Lesson Study
Computer Science and Engineering: Utilizing Action Research and Lesson Study
Andrea C Burrows, Mike Borowczak
Educational Action Research  ·  15 Jan 2019  ·  burrows2019lesson
A State Encoding Methodology for Side-Channel Security vs. Power Trade-off Exploration
A State Encoding Methodology for Side-Channel Security vs. Power Trade-off Exploration
Richa Agrawal, Mike Borowczak, Ranga Vemuri
2019 International Conference on VLSI Design (VLSID 2019)  ·  08 Jan 2019  ·  LPFSMrAgrawal
CyberSecurity and Technology: How Do They Fit into a Science Classroom?
CyberSecurity and Technology: How Do They Fit into a Science Classroom?
Andrea C Burrows, Mike Borowczak
International Conference of the Association for Science Teacher Education, 2019, ASTE, 2019.  ·  01 Jan 2019  ·  burrows_borowczak_2019
Dynamic Anonymized Evaluation for Behavioral Continuous Authentication
Dynamic Anonymized Evaluation for Behavioral Continuous Authentication
Rasana Manandhar, Shaya Wolf, Mike Borowczak
Preprint  ·  01 Jan 2019  ·  ContinuousSpyHunter

2018

Cybersecurity in Existing STEM Courses- PDs that connect Cybersecurity to the NGSS & Common Core
Cybersecurity in Existing STEM Courses- PDs that connect Cybersecurity to the NGSS & Common Core
Mike Borowczak, Andrea Burrows
The 2018 NICE K12 Cybersecurity Education Conference  ·  03 Dec 2018  ·  nicek12-borowczak
Accessible Computer Science Education Workshop Presentation
Accessible Computer Science Education Workshop Presentation
Rasana Manandhar, Fiona Moss, Madison Cooley, Shaya Wolf, Andrea Burrows, Mike Borowczak
The 2018 Rocky Mountain Celebration of Women in Computing (RMCWIC 2018)  ·  02 Nov 2018  ·  rmcwic18b
Accessible Computer Science Education
Accessible Computer Science Education
Fiona Moss, Rasana Manandhar, Madison Cooley, Shaya Wolf, Andrea Burrows, Mike Borowczak
The 2018 Rocky Mountain Celebration of Women in Computing (RMCWIC 2018)  ·  02 Nov 2018  ·  rmcwic18a
Lightweight Command, Control, and Communication for Heterogenous Agent Swarms
Lightweight Command, Control, and Communication for Heterogenous Agent Swarms
Mike Borowczak, Rafer Cooley, Shaya Wolf
2018 Defense Tech Connect: Defense Innovation  ·  24 Oct 2018  ·  TampaDevConnect
Science Teacher Lesson Showcasing Engineering from RAMPED II
Science Teacher Lesson Showcasing Engineering from RAMPED II
Andrea Burrows, Mike Borowczak, Garrett Burrows, Nic Robinson
2018 National Science Teachers Association (NSTA)  ·  12 Oct 2018  ·  showcaseRAMPED
GenCyber Wyoming: COWPOKES, Professional Development, Camp, & Experiences
GenCyber Wyoming: COWPOKES, Professional Development, Camp, & Experiences
Mike Borowczak, Garrett Burrows, Nic Robinson
2018 National Science Teachers Association (NSTA)  ·  12 Oct 2018  ·  GenCyberNSTA
Integrating computer science in K-12 classes
Integrating computer science in K-12 classes
Andrea C. Burrows, Mike Borowczak, Rafer Cooley, Shaya Wolf, Mason Johnson
AdvancEd Mountain Region Fall Conference  ·  25 Sep 2018  ·  csintegrated
Micro:Badge for Cybersecurity Engagement
Micro:Badge for Cybersecurity Engagement
Mike Borowczak, Andrea C. Burrows
GenCyber Fall Meeting 2018  ·  22 Sep 2018  ·  NSAShowcaseFa18
EVO-SCHIRP: Evolved Secure Swarm Communications
EVO-SCHIRP: Evolved Secure Swarm Communications
Shaya Wolf, Rafer Cooley, Mike Borowczak, Nick Cheney
2018 International ISC2 Workshop on 5G Communication, Security and Privacy in Smart Cities  ·  19 Sep 2018  ·  Borowczak2018ISC2-5GWork
Blockchain Based Election Infrastructures
Blockchain Based Election Infrastructures
Rafer Cooley, Shaya Wolf, Mike Borowczak
2018 ISC2 International Workshop on BLockchain Enabled Sustainable Smart Cities (BLESS 2018)  ·  19 Sep 2018  ·  Borowczak2018ISC2-BLESS
Secure and Decentralized Swarm Behavior with Autonomous Agents for Smart Cities
Secure and Decentralized Swarm Behavior with Autonomous Agents for Smart Cities
Rafer Cooley, Shaya Wolf, Mike Borowczak
2018 IEEE International Smart Cities Conference (ISC2 2018)  ·  18 Sep 2018  ·  Borowczak2018ISC2
Designing for Security Within and Between IoT Devices
Designing for Security Within and Between IoT Devices
Mike Borowczak, Rafer Cooley, Shaya Wolf
2018 IEEE Computer Society Annual Symposium on VLSI (ISVLSI)  ·  01 Jul 2018  ·  Borowczak2018ISVLSI
Enabling Advanced Topics in Computing and Engineering Through Authentic Inquiry: A Cybersecurity Case Study
Enabling Advanced Topics in Computing and Engineering Through Authentic Inquiry: A Cybersecurity Case Study
Mike Borowczak, Andrea C. Burrows
2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition  ·  01 Jun 2018  ·  asee_peer_30370
Noyce SWARMS Scholars and Two Professional Development Models (LASSI and RAMPED): Summer 2015, 2016, and 2017
Noyce SWARMS Scholars and Two Professional Development Models (LASSI and RAMPED): Summer 2015, 2016, and 2017
Andrea C. Burrows, Adam Myers, Mike Borowczak
American Astronomical Society Meeting Abstracts #232  ·  01 Jun 2018  ·  2018AAS...23212201B
Computer Science GenCyber Expo: Microbits and Pin Guessers
Computer Science GenCyber Expo: Microbits and Pin Guessers
Mike Borowczak, Andrea C. Burrows
GenCyber Spring Meeting 2018  ·  22 Apr 2018  ·  NSAShowcaseSp18
Using Flipgrid with K12 STEM teachers: Successes and challenges
Using Flipgrid with K12 STEM teachers: Successes and challenges
Andrea C. Burrows, Mike Borowczak
Poster presentation at the Society for Information Technology & Teacher Education (SITE)  ·  28 Mar 2018  ·  FliGridSITE
Portable Tor Router: Easily Enabling Web Privacy for Consumers
Portable Tor Router: Easily Enabling Web Privacy for Consumers
Adrian Barberis, Wyatt Emery, Danny Radosevich, Mike Borowczak
IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics, 2018. ICCE 2018.  ·  20 Jan 2018  ·  Borowczak2018ToR
S-CHIRP: Secure Communication for Heterogeneous IoTs with Round-Robin Protection
S-CHIRP: Secure Communication for Heterogeneous IoTs with Round-Robin Protection
Mike Borowczak, George Purdy
IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics, 2018. ICCE 2018.  ·  20 Jan 2018  ·  Borowczak2018SCHIRP
Developing interest bleeding edge STEM fields like cybersecurity
Developing interest bleeding edge STEM fields like cybersecurity
Mike Borowczak, Andrea C. Burrows
International Conference of the Association for Science Teacher Education, 2018, ASTE, 2018.  ·  04 Jan 2018  ·  bleedingedge
Predictive Liability Models and Visualizations of High Dimensional Retail Employee Data
Predictive Liability Models and Visualizations of High Dimensional Retail Employee Data
Richard R. Yang, Mike Borowczak
2nd International Conference on Innovation in Artificial Intelligence  ·  01 Jan 2018  ·  Yang:2018:PLM:3194206.3195587
Integrated STEM: Focus on Informal Education and Community Collaboration through Engineering
Integrated STEM: Focus on Informal Education and Community Collaboration through Engineering
Andrea C. Burrows, Megan Lockwood, Mike Borowczak, Edward Janak, Brian Barber
Education Sciences  ·  01 Jan 2018  ·  integratedstem

2017

Developing Collegiate Cybersecurity Interest through Authentic Inquiry
Developing Collegiate Cybersecurity Interest through Authentic Inquiry
Mike Borowczak, Andrea C. Burrows
Rocky Mountain Section of the American Society of Engineering Education, 2017. RMS-ASEE 2017  ·  21 Sep 2017  ·  Borowczak2017AuthInquiry
Hardening Freshman Engineering Student Soft Skills.
Hardening Freshman Engineering Student Soft Skills.
Andrea C Burrows, Mike Borowczak
First Year Engineering Education Conference of the American Society of Engineering Education 2017, FYEE-ASEE, 2017.  ·  01 Aug 2017  ·  borowczak2017harden
Teaching Teachers to Think Like Engineers Using NetLogo
Teaching Teachers to Think Like Engineers Using NetLogo
Andrea C Burrows, Mike Borowczak
2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition  ·  01 Jun 2017  ·  burrows2017Netlogo
Interactive Web Notebooks Using the Cloud to Enable CS in K-16+ Classrooms and PDs
Interactive Web Notebooks Using the Cloud to Enable CS in K-16+ Classrooms and PDs
Mike Borowczak, Andrea C Burrows
2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition  ·  01 Jun 2017  ·  borowczak2017interactive
Attack! Of the IoT: Are your devices becoming digital informants?
Attack! Of the IoT: Are your devices becoming digital informants?
Mike Borowczak
Wyoming Cybersecurity Symposium  ·  01 May 2017  ·  borowczak-wycbyersec
Interactive Web Notebooks: Expanding Teacher and Student Preparation
Interactive Web Notebooks: Expanding Teacher and Student Preparation
Mike Borowczak, Andrea C. Burrows
2017 Society for Information Technology and Teacher Education (SITE)  ·  07 Mar 2017  ·  WebNotebookes
NetLogo: Teachers Using Computer Science
NetLogo: Teachers Using Computer Science
Andrea Burrows, Mike Borowczak
2017 Society for Information Technology and Teacher Education (SITE)  ·  07 Mar 2017  ·  NLOGO_TeacherUsingCS
Support in the classroom: SWARMS scholars' perceptions before and after beginning to teach
Support in the classroom: SWARMS scholars' perceptions before and after beginning to teach
Katie Guffey, Andrea C. Burrows, Mike Borowczak
UW College of Education Research Symposium  ·  01 Mar 2017  ·  GuffyClassroomSupport
Pre-Service Teachers' Computer Science and Engineering Perspectives: What is This?
Pre-Service Teachers' Computer Science and Engineering Perspectives: What is This?
Andrea C. Burrows, Mike Borowczak
2017 International Conference of the Association for Science Teacher Education  ·  01 Jan 2017  ·  Burrows2017PreServiceCS
Naturally Inspired - Modeling Natural Systems to Teach Computer Science Fundamentals
Naturally Inspired - Modeling Natural Systems to Teach Computer Science Fundamentals
Mike Borowczak, Andrea C. Burrows
2017 International Conference of the Association for Science Teacher Education  ·  01 Jan 2017  ·  Borowczak2017Naturally

2016

Arduinos and Games: K-12 Teachers Explore Computer Science
Arduinos and Games: K-12 Teachers Explore Computer Science
Andrea C Burrows, Mike Borowczak
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition  ·  01 Jun 2016  ·  burrows2016arduinos
Developing a Creative K-12 Manipulative: An ECECS Capstone
Developing a Creative K-12 Manipulative: An ECECS Capstone
Mike Borowczak, Andrea C Burrows
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition  ·  01 Jun 2016  ·  borowczak2016developing
Hardware Security in the Era of Big Data, the IoT and Connected Medical Devices
Hardware Security in the Era of Big Data, the IoT and Connected Medical Devices
Mike Borowczak
4th Annual Industry Academic Conclave (IAC), Indian Institute of Technology at Indore, Indore India, 2016  ·  19 Feb 2016  ·  borowczak-iac
Real world computing in K-20 classrooms through NGSS
Real world computing in K-20 classrooms through NGSS
Andrea C. Burrows, Mike Borowczak
2016 International Conference of the Association for Science Teacher Education  ·  01 Jan 2016  ·  rwcompute
Non-intrusive assessment of communication and collaboration in STEM
Non-intrusive assessment of communication and collaboration in STEM
Mike Borowczak, Andrea C. Burrows
2016 International Conference of the Association for Science Teacher Education  ·  01 Jan 2016  ·  NonIntrusive
Visualization Basics, UGame-ICompute: An ITEST Year-3 Summary of K-12 Teacher/Student Observations in the Field
Visualization Basics, UGame-ICompute: An ITEST Year-3 Summary of K-12 Teacher/Student Observations in the Field
Andrea C Burrows, Jacqueline Leonard, Mike Borowczak
Society for Information Technology & Teacher Education International Conference  ·  01 Jan 2016  ·  burrows2016visualization
GIS Technology+Socio-Scientific Issues=Teacher and Student Learning
GIS Technology+Socio-Scientific Issues=Teacher and Student Learning
Mike Borowczak, Andrea C Burrows
Society for Information Technology & Teacher Education International Conference  ·  01 Jan 2016  ·  borowczak2016gis
Authentic Science Experiences: Pre-collegiate Science Educators' successes And Challenges During Professional Development
Authentic Science Experiences: Pre-collegiate Science Educators' successes And Challenges During Professional Development
Andrea C Burrows, Michael A DiPompeo, Adam D Myers, Ryan C Hickox, Mike Borowczak, Debbie A French, Andria C Schwortz
Problems of Education in the 21st Century  ·  01 Jan 2016  ·  burrows2016authentic
Enabling Collaboration and Video Assessment: Exposing Trends in Science Preservice Teachers' Assessments
Enabling Collaboration and Video Assessment: Exposing Trends in Science Preservice Teachers' Assessments
Mike Borowczak, Andrea C Burrows
Contemporary Issues in Technology and Teacher Education  ·  01 Jan 2016  ·  borowczak2016enabling

2015

Partnerships: A systemic study of two professional developments
Partnerships: A systemic study of two professional developments
Andrea C. Burrows, Adam Myers, Michael DiPompeo, Mike Borowczak, Andria Schwortz, Debbie French, S Hall
National Science Teachers Association (NSTA) Area Conference in conjunction with the Association for Science Teacher Education (ASTE)  ·  01 Oct 2015  ·  partnership_burrows_myers
Collaboration and communication: Assessment using an open version control tool
Collaboration and communication: Assessment using an open version control tool
Mike Borowczak, Andrea C. Burrows
National Science Teachers Association (NSTA) Area Conference in conjunction with the Association for Science Teacher Education (ASTE)  ·  01 Oct 2015  ·  CollaborationBorowczak
Engineering and teacher partners in STEM education: What do engineers think?
Engineering and teacher partners in STEM education: What do engineers think?
Mike Borowczak, Andrea C. Burrows
2015 International Conference of the Association for Science Teacher Education  ·  01 Jan 2015  ·  Engineering_partners
Communication in STEM education: A non-intrusive method for assessment & K20 educator feedback
Communication in STEM education: A non-intrusive method for assessment & K20 educator feedback
Mike Borowczak
Problems of Education in the 21st Century  ·  01 Jan 2015  ·  borowczak2015communication
CressInt: A user-friendly web resource for genome-scale exploration of gene regulation in Arabidopsis thaliana
CressInt: A user-friendly web resource for genome-scale exploration of gene regulation in Arabidopsis thaliana
Xiaoting Chen, Kevin Ernst, Frances Soman, Mike Borowczak, Matthew T Weirauch
Current plant biology  ·  01 Jan 2015  ·  chen2015cressint

2014

Integrated STEM: What does it mean to educators?
Integrated STEM: What does it mean to educators?
Andrea C. Burrows, Timothy Slater, Mike Borowczak
2014 International Conference of the Association for Science Teacher Education  ·  01 Jan 2014  ·  IntegrateBurrowsBOrowczak
Online STEM integration: Pre-service science teachers in the Director's Chair .
Online STEM integration: Pre-service science teachers in the Director's Chair .
Andrea C Burrows, Mike Borowczak
Proceedings of world conference on e-learning in corporate, government, healthcare, and higher education  ·  01 Jan 2014  ·  burrows2014online
Enabling side channel secure FSMs in the presence of low power requirements
Enabling side channel secure FSMs in the presence of low power requirements
Mike Borowczak, Ranga Vemuri
VLSI (ISVLSI), 2014 IEEE Computer Society Annual Symposium on  ·  01 Jan 2014  ·  borowczak2014enabling

2013

Robotics in the 21st century: Making STEM come alive with computer science
Robotics in the 21st century: Making STEM come alive with computer science
Andrea C. Burrows, Mike Borowczak
2013 International Conference of the Association for Science Teacher Education  ·  01 Jan 2013  ·  robots_21
Secure controllers: Requirements of SFSM
Secure controllers: Requirements of SFSM
Mike Borowczak, Ranga Vemuri
Circuits and Systems (MWSCAS), 2013 IEEE 56th International Midwest Symposium on  ·  01 Jan 2013  ·  borowczak2013secure
Enhancing pedagogy with context and partnerships: Science in hand
Enhancing pedagogy with context and partnerships: Science in hand
Andrea Burrows, Gabriel Wickizer, Helen Meyer, Mike Borowczak
Problems in Education in the 21st Century: Science, Technology, Society and Environment Education  ·  01 Jan 2013  ·  burrows2013enhancing

2012

YouDemo.info: Effective use of videos in the classroom
YouDemo.info: Effective use of videos in the classroom
Mike Borowczak, Andrea Carneal Burrows
Education Seminar Series and Lakehead University  ·  23 May 2012  ·  borowczak-youdemo
Video characteristics: YouDemo.info.
Video characteristics: YouDemo.info.
Andrea C. Burrows, Mike Borowczak
The 2012 Annual NSF GK-12 Conference  ·  01 Mar 2012  ·  youdemo_20
Video characteristics: YouDemo.info.
Video characteristics: YouDemo.info.
Andrea C. Burrows, Mike Borowczak
Future of Education Technology Conference (FETC)  ·  01 Jan 2012  ·  youdemo_info
Which qualities matter most in creating (STEM) methods videos?
Which qualities matter most in creating (STEM) methods videos?
Andrea C. Burrows, Mike Borowczak
2012 International Conference of the Association for Science Teacher Education  ·  01 Jan 2012  ·  qualities_videos
SDMLp: On the use of complementary Pass transistor Logic for design of DPA resistant circuits
SDMLp: On the use of complementary Pass transistor Logic for design of DPA resistant circuits
Lakshmi Narasimhan Ramakrishnan, Manoj Chakkaravarthy, Antarpreet Singh Manchanda, Mike Borowczak, Ranga Vemuri
Hardware-Oriented Security and Trust (HOST), 2012 IEEE International Symposium on  ·  01 Jan 2012  ·  ramakrishnan2012sdmlp
SFSM: A Paradigm Shift for Attack Resistant FSM Designs and Encodings
SFSM: A Paradigm Shift for Attack Resistant FSM Designs and Encodings
Mike Borowczak, Ranga Vemuri
BioMedical Computing (BioMedCom), 2012 ASE/IEEE International Conference on  ·  01 Jan 2012  ·  borowczak2012s
Teaching computer science & engineering through robotics: Science & art form
Teaching computer science & engineering through robotics: Science & art form
Andrea Burrows, Mike Borowczak, Timothy F Slater, J Chris Haynes
Problems of Education in the 21st Century  ·  01 Jan 2012  ·  burrows2012teaching

2011

There was a big bang: But can you still hear it?
There was a big bang: But can you still hear it?
Mike Borowczak, Andrea C. Burrows, Rhonda Cargile, Ranga Vemuri
The 2011 Annual NSF GK-12 Conference  ·  01 Mar 2011  ·  bigbang
YouDemo: Capturing live data from videos
YouDemo: Capturing live data from videos
Mike Borowczak, Andrea C. Burrows
Proceedings of the International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Applications  ·  01 Jan 2011  ·  borowczak2011youdemo

2010

Engineer it!
Engineer it!
Mike Borowczak, Megan Urbaitis, Andrea C. Burrows, Ranga Vemuri
The 2010 Annual NSF GK-12 Conference  ·  01 Mar 2010  ·  engineerit
It's getting colder - but can you tell?
It's getting colder - but can you tell?
Mike Borowczak, Brad Hunt, Andrea C. Burrows
The 2010 Annual NSF GK-12 Conference  ·  01 Mar 2010  ·  colder
Engineering Education Collaboration: Innovative Pedagogical Methods for High School and University Environmentalists
Engineering Education Collaboration: Innovative Pedagogical Methods for High School and University Environmentalists
Leslie Hadaway, Megan Urbaitis, Regina Lamendella, Daniel B Oerther, Andrea C Burrows, Mike Borowczak, Anant R Kukreti
American Society for Engineering Education  ·  01 Jan 2010  ·  hadaway2010engineering
Improving Future Faculty with Graduate Engineering Education
Improving Future Faculty with Graduate Engineering Education
Andrea C Burrows, Anant Kukreti, Mike Borowczak, Amr Safwat
American Society for Engineering Education  ·  01 Jan 2010  ·  burrows2010improving
Go With the Flow: Describing Storm Water Runoff Rates Using the Derivative
Go With the Flow: Describing Storm Water Runoff Rates Using the Derivative
Brad Hunt, Regina Lamendella, Sara Garrison, Andrea C Burrows, Mike Borowczak, Anant Kukreti
American Society for Engineering Education  ·  01 Jan 2010  ·  hunt2010go

2008

Self-protecting storage device
Self-protecting storage device
Philip A Wilsey, Roy Brian Anderson, Mike Borowczak
US Patent App. 12/328,034  ·  01 Dec 2008  ·  wilsey2008self
The use of device simulation in development of usb storage devices
The use of device simulation in development of usb storage devices
R Brian Anderson, Mike Borowczak, Philip A Wilsey
Simulation Symposium, 2008. ANSS 2008. 41st Annual  ·  01 Jan 2008  ·  anderson2008use
Safety-Centric Design of Distributed Embedded Avionics
Safety-Centric Design of Distributed Embedded Avionics
Ranga Vemuri, Mike Borowczak, Annie Avakian
Aerospace and Electronics Conference, 2008. NAECON 2008. IEEE National  ·  01 Jan 2008  ·  vemuri2008safety

2005

Implementing lazy streams in C++
Implementing lazy streams in C++
David Renz, Mike Borowczak
Morehead Electronic Journal of Applicable Mathematics  ·  01 Jan 2005  ·  renz2005implementing